Polk's populist stances on territorial expansion figured prominentlyparticularly his opinion on US control over the entire Oregon Country and his support for the annexation of Texas. These internal improvements would be financed by the tariff and by sale of the public lands, prices for which would be kept high to generate revenue. The Glory and Downfall of Ulysses S. Grant, The Confederacy's Response to Lincoln's End, Duel-Happy Abolitionist Cassius Clay Was The Most Metal Politician In American History. Clay was by that time a U.S. Known as the Lion of White Hall - named after the estate and plantation he owned and grew up on - he was also one of the toughest politicians ever to walk the halls of Congress. Alexander the II took the step of warning Britain and France that if they recognized the Confederacy they were risking War with Russia. After the war he continued working on the abolitionist cause by opposing the annexation of Texas and opposing the spread of slavery to the Southwest. He opposed the annexation of Texas, fearing it would inject the slavery issue into politics. It brought in Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state (thus maintaining the balance in the Senate, which had included 11 free and 11 slave states), and it forbade slavery north of 36 30' (the northern boundary of Arkansas and the latitude line) except in Missouri. Browns men were able to capture several local slaveowners but, by the end of the day on October 16, local townspeople began to fight back. What will be its effect on France, and French policy, we shall learn in due time. Clay made the position one of political power second only to the President of the United States. WebClay encouraged abolitionist John G. Fee to move to Berea, Kentucky and donated to Fee money and a ten-acre tract in Madison County for the beginnings of a school that would become Berea College, the first interracial college in the South. His boundless energy brought him close toLincoln, even as his ambition alienated the president. [23], Speaker of the State House and duel with Humphrey Marshall[edit] When Clay returned to Kentucky in 1807, he was elected the Speaker of the state House of Representatives. Stephen A. Douglas separated the bills and guided them through the Senate. As his anti-slavery rhetoric became louder, he lost voters in Kentucky and failed in his attempt for a fourth term. Did you know? This measure helped to preserve the supremacy of the Federal government over the states, but the crisis was indicative of the developing conflict between the northern and southern United States over economics and slavery. He came from a large political The younger Clay attended Transylvania University and then graduated from Yale College in 1832. 1851, graduated from. Clay and his law partner John Allen successfully defended Burr. Hale Giddings Parker, b. From 1861 to 1865, The Union faced secessionists in 11 Southern states grouped together as the Confederacy and waged war against America. The crisis worsened until 1833. Underground Railroad Fort Sumter 4. [5]Childhood[edit] Henry Clay was born on April 12, 1777, at the Clay homestead in Hanover County, Virginia, in a story-and-a-half frame house. May 1781 - Hanover Court, Comt De Montgomery, Pennsylvanie, tats-Unis, Chesterfield County, Province of Virginia, Hanover, Hanover County, Virginia, United States, Henry Clay, US Speaker of the House, Senator, Sec'y of State. In 1872, he was one of the organizers of the liberal Republican Revolt. In addition to his political activism, Clay founded an anti-slavery newspaper, theTrue American,in Kentucky, which would have been an incredibly bold and provocative move at the time. Key to the raids success was accomplishing the objective namely the seizure of the armory before officials in Washington, D.C., could be informed and send in reinforcements. Lucretia Hart Clay died in 1864 at the age of 83. [3] Clay also advocated moving the state capitol from Frankfort to Lexington. Even though the 1852 pro-slavery[43] novel Life at the South; or, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" As It Is, by W.L.G. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! It should be noted that Cassius M. Clay, Jr., also known as Muhammad Ali, is the name sake of Clay. Perhaps the most famous athlete of the 20th century, Ali famously rejected the name Cassius Clay when he joined the Nation of Islam and refused to answer to what he had dubbed "my slave name.". John Brown. PBS.org. [8][9], In 1845, Clay began publishing an anti-slavery newspaper, True American, in Lexington, Kentucky. Clay was the foremost proponent of the American System, fighting for an increase in tariffs to foster industry in the United States, the use of federal funding to build and maintain infrastructure, and a strong national bank. Confident he and his family could bring Kansas into the Union as a free" state for Black people, Brown went west to join his sons. Mary Ann Dupuy was sent to join her mother, and they worked as domestic slaves for the Duraldes for another decade. [25], On January 4, 1809 Clay and Marshall nearly came to blows on the Assembly floor and Clay challenged Marshall to a duel, which then took place on January 19. Herman Heaton Clay, a descendant of African-American slaves, named his son Cassius Marcellus Clay, who was born nine years after the death of the emancipationist, in tribute to him. A baggage handler at the towns train station was shot in the back and killed when he refused the orders of Browns men. Henry Clay, Jr. was killed at the Battle of Buena Vista during the Mexican-American War. He further asserted in his autobiography that while Clay may have gotten rid of his slaves, he "held on to white supremacy." After taking title to him, she allowed him to hire out to earn money, and he purchased his freedom from her for $1,800 in 1845. Within a month he was receiving death threats and had turned the papers offices into a fortress, including two four-pounder cannons. It was the largest between Cincinnati and Portsmouth, Ohio. Cassius Clay was an early Southern planter who became a prominent anti-slavery crusader. Edwin Porter Clay; Unknown Clay; Molly Clay and Abigail Belcher less He cut off Brown's ear. [22] In 1934, Rush D. Holt, Sr. was elected to the Senate at the age of 29; he waited until he turned 30 (on the following June 19) to take the oath of office. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. He also spoke in favor of nationalizing the railroads and later against the power being accrued by industrialists. He said at the time, Here, before God, in the presence of these witnesses, from this time, I consecrate my life to the destruction of slavery!, WATCH: Escape to Freedom on HISTORY Vault. (Booth would later assassinate President Abraham Lincoln over the latters decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.). [37] Establishment of boundaries for the state of Texas in exchange for federal payment of Texas's ten million dollar debt. In the ensuing fight, Clay fought off all six and, using his Bowie knife, killed Cyrus Turner.[9]. His sons were involved in the abolitionist movement in the territory, and they summoned their father, fearing attack from pro-slavery settlers. It threatened to secede from the Union if the Federal government tried to enforce the tariff laws. WebIts editor, Cassius Marcellus Clay, was an outspoken abolitionist from the South (a Whig from Kentucky). Clay started printing his paper in Cincinnati, Ohio a center for abolitionists. Clay was born on October 19th, 1810 in Madison County, Kentucky. [11] As Minister to Russia, Clay witnessed the Tsar's emancipation edict. Lincoln sent Clay to Kentucky and border states to test the mood for emancipation. 6 (11thed.). 22 in Lexington, Kentucky. WebNicknamed Cash, Cassius M. Clay was a Kentucky Republican leader and fervent abolitionist newspaper editor. Additionally, he purchased enslaved persons, some of whom he later freed. Half brother of Edwin M. Clay; Jeremiah Clay and Frances Wooldridge, Rev John Clay BIRTH 1741 Henrico County, Virginia, USA DEATH 31 May 1781 Hanover County, Virginia, USA BURIAL Non-Cemetery Burial, Specifically: Rev. In 1861, Clay was appointed by President Lincoln to be the Minister to Russia. Cassius Marcellus Clay was born on October 19, 1810 in Madison County, Kentucky to Sally Lewis and Green Clay, one of the wealthiest planters and slave owners in Kentucky, who became a prominent politician. p.470. The militia attack was able to free several of Browns captives, although eight of the railroad men died in the fighting. [20] His term ended before his thirtieth birthday. Clay, seeing that there were no troops in Washington, D.C. at the start of the war, organized 300 volunteers to guard the White House and U.S. [10] After Clay was employed as Wythe's amanuensis for four years, the chancellor took an active interest in Clay's future; he arranged a position for him with the Virginia attorney general, Robert Brooke. [14] Some of his clients paid him with horses and others with land. Once the Union troops arrived, Clay and his family headed for Russia. With a new business partner, Brown set up shop in Springfield, Massachusetts, hoping to reverse his fortunes. John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States, was a staunch opponent of slavery. During the Mexican-American War, when he arrived in Mexico as captain of a company of Kentucky volunteers, he and his men were captured almost instantly by the Mexicans. In 1853, Clay granted 10 acres of his expansive lands to John G. Fee, an abolitionist who founded the town of Berea. Garrison's arguments were to him "as water is to a thirsty wayfarer. He must have assumed he had slain Clay, but he couldn't have been more wrong. [30] Like other Southern Congressmen, Clay took slaves to Washington, DC to work in his household. Ordering the Marines under his command to attack, the military men stormed John Brown's Fort, taking all of the abolitionist fighters and their captives alive. An entrepreneur who ran tannery and cattle trading businesses prior to the economic crisis of 1839, Brown became involved in the abolitionist movement following the brutal murder of Presbyterian minister and anti-slavery activist Elijah P. Lovejoy in 1837. 1. wanted to establish an abolitionist republic John Brown 2. sued for his freedom Harriet Tubman 3. It didnt help that he lost his wife and two of his children to illness at the time. He was instrumental in securing the nomination of Horace Greeley for the presidency. He was chosen Speaker of the House on the first day of his first session, something never done before or since (except for the first ever session of congress back in 1789). Clay worked toward emancipation, both as a Kentucky state representative and as an early member of the Republican Party. For most people, the name Cassius Clay is associated with one man and one man only: Muhammad Ali. Similar to the Grimke sisters and John Laurens, Cassius M. Clay was a man born into a slave holding family who believed that slavery was wrong and should be The legislature first chose John Adair to complete Breckinridge's term, but he had to resign over his alleged role in the Burr Conspiracy. [38] The resolutions included: Admission of California as a free state, ending the balance of free and slave states in the senate. During the Civil War, Russia came to the aid of the Union, threatening war against Britain and France if they officially recognized the Confederacy. The next morning, Lee attempted to get Brown to surrender, but the latter refused. Clay declared he would only accept if Lincoln would emancipate slaves under Confederate control. [17][pageneeded] He also disapproved of the Republican Radicals' reconstruction policy after Lincoln's assassination. The former slaves were given the opportunity to remain at White Hall and work for wages, which many of them did. But no challenge came, and the next day Clay was informed that Declarey had been so intimidated that he had gone upstairs, cut his wrists, and bled out. He had invented the pulverizer while still a young man in Mobile in the 1840s. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, read more, John Jay was an American statesman and Founding Father who served the United States in numerous government offices, including the Supreme Court where he served as the first chief justice.The New York native drafted the states first constitution in 1777, and was chosen read more, The grandson of Italian immigrants, John Gotti (1940-2002) was born in the Bronx, N.Y., and grew up in a life of organized crime. Instead, Clay cut off Brown's nose. So who was the original Cassius Clay? In 1868, Republican Oscar Dunn, the first Black lieutenant governor ever elected, served as acting governor of Louisiana when Gov. They took his Bowie knife and stabbed him with it several times, no doubt thinking that was enough to do the job. Clay read law by working and studying with Wythe, Chancellor of the Commonwealth of Virginia (also a mentor to Thomas Jefferson and John Marshall, among others), and Brooke. In 1833, Clay helped to broker a deal in Congress to lower the tariff gradually. Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi, who had suggested the creation of the Committee of Thirteen, later said, "Had there been one such man in the Congress of the United States as Henry Clay in 1860'61 there would, I feel sure, have been no civil war."[41]. Clay strongly opposed Jackson's refusal to renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States, and advocated passage of a resolution to censure Jackson for his actions. He relocated the family business and his four surviving children to present-day Kent, Ohio. The action of Alexander II was confirmed in 1904 by Wharton Barker of Pennsylvania, who in 1878 was the financial agent in the United States of the Russian government. It may be moderate, it may exacerbate. Underground Railroad Fort Sumter 4. Because of the unusually large number of candidates receiving electoral votes, no candidate secured a majority of votes in the electoral college. [6] In 1894, the 84-year-old Clay married Dora Richardson, the orphaned sister of one of his sharecropping tenants. Henry Watkins moved the family to Richmond, Virginia. [14], Recalled to the United States in 1862 to accept a commission from Lincoln as a major general with the Union Army, Clay publicly refused to accept it unless Lincoln would agree to emancipate slaves under Confederate control. Brown was forced to move his remaining men and their captives to the armorys engine house, a smaller building that later became known as John Browns Fort. Dupuy's attorney gained an order from the court for her to remain in DC until the case was settled, and she worked for wages for 18 months for Martin Van Buren, the successor to Secretary of State and the Decatur House. Cassius attended Transylvania University and then graduated from Yale College in 1832. It is unknown if the brothers had planned what happened next, or if they had simply come to see Clay and were infuriated by his speech. Unlike many anti-slavery activists, he was not a pacifist and believed in aggressive action against slaveholders and any government officials who enabled them. Furious, President Jackson threatened to lead an army to South Carolina and hang any man who refused to obey the law. Hampered by a crippled hand, Wythe chose Clay as his secretary. He installed a cannon to protect his home and office. He was inspired by Garrison and it was said in at least one source that Garrisons arguments were as water is to a thirsty wayfarer. 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